The i-th Steenrod operation P^i(f) of f. f must be a multivariate polynomial with coefficients in a finite field and i must be a non-negative integer.
> K:=GF(3);
> F4:=MatrixGroup<4,K |
> [-1,0,0,0, 1,1,0,0, 0,0,1,0, 0,0,0,1],
> [1,1,0,0, 0,-1,0,0, 0,1,1,0, 0,0,0,1],
> [1,0,0,0, 0,1,-1,0, 0,0,-1,0, 0,0,1,1],
> [1,0,0,0, 0,1,0,0, 0,0,1,1, 0,0,0,-1] >;
> R := InvariantRing(F4);
> f2 := InvariantsOfDegree(R, 2)[1];
> f4 := SteenrodOperation(f2, 1);
> f10 := SteenrodOperation(f4, 3);
> f4;
2*x1^4 + x1^3*x3 + 2*x1^3*x4 + x1*x3^3 + 2*x1*x4^3 + 2*x2^3*x3 + x2^3*x4 +
2*x2*x3^3 + x2*x4^3 + x4^4
> f10;
2*x1^10 + x1^9*x3 + 2*x1^9*x4 + x1*x3^9 + 2*x1*x4^9 + 2*x2^9*x3 + x2^9*x4 +
2*x2*x3^9 + x2*x4^9 + x4^10
> f4 in R;
true
> f10 in R;
true
The following functions work with collections of polynomials which are
considered as generators for subalgebras or submodules of a polynomial
ring. They are repeated from the chapter on multivariate polynomials
since they are extremely often used in invariant theory to express an
invariant in terms of the primary and secondary invariants of an
invariant ring. Full descriptions of the functions are not given here.
See the descriptions in the chapter on multivariate polynomials.
MinimalAlgebraGenerators(L) : [ RngMPol ] -> [ RngMPol ]
Let R=K[x_1, ..., x_n] be a polynomial ring of rank n over the field K. Suppose L is a set or sequence of k polynomials p_1, ..., p_k in R. Let A=K[p_1, ..., p_k] be the subalgebra (not ideal) of R generated by L. This function returns a minimal generating set of the algebra A as a (sorted) sequence of elements taken from L.
Let R=K[x_1, ..., x_n] be a polynomial ring of rank n over the field K. Suppose P is a sequence of k homogeneous polynomials p_1, ..., p_k in R and suppose S is a sequence of r homogeneous polynomials s_1, ..., s_r in R. Let A=K[p_1, ..., p_k] be the subalgebra (not ideal) of R generated by P and let M=A[s_1, ..., s_r] be the A-module generated by S over A. Finally, suppose F is an element of R. This function returns whether F is in the module M (considered as a submodule of R). If the result is true, the function also returns a sequence C=[c_1, ..., c_r] of length r with c_i in K[t_1, ..., t_r] such that F=sum_(i=1)^(r) c_i(p_1, ..., p_k).s_i.
Let R=K[x_1, ..., x_n] be a polynomial ring of rank n over the field K. Suppose P is a sequence of k homogeneous polynomials p_1, ..., p_k in R and suppose S is a sequence of r homogeneous polynomials s_1, ..., s_r in R. Let A=K[p_1, ..., p_k] be the subalgebra (not ideal) of R generated by P and let M=A[s_1, ..., s_r] be the A-module generated by S over A. Finally, suppose L is a sequence of length l of elements of R which are all homogeneous of (weighted) degree d. This function returns parallel sequences B and V with the following properties:
- B is sequence of length l of booleans such that for 1 <= i <= l, B[i] is true iff L[i] is in the module M.
- V is a sequence of length l consisting of sequences of length r and consisting of polynomials in the polynomial ring T=K[t_1, ..., t_r]. (The polynomial ring T=K[t_1, ..., t_r] is constructed separately but automatically with the print names t1, t2, etc.) If B[i] is false (so L[i] is not in M), V[i] is a sequence of r zero polynomials. Otherwise V[i] is a sequence of r polynomials c_(i, 1), ..., c_(i, r) in T such that that L[i]=sum_(j=1)^(r) c_(i, j)(p_1, ..., p_k).s_j.
> K := RationalField();
> G := PermutationGroup<6 | (1,2,3)(4,5,6), (1,2)(4,5)>;
> R := InvariantRing(G, K);
> P := PrimaryInvariants(R);
> P;
[
x1 + x2 + x3,
x4 + x5 + x6,
x1^2 + x2^2 + x3^2,
x4^2 + x5^2 + x6^2,
x1^3 + x2^3 + x3^3,
x4^3 + x5^3 + x6^3
]
> S := SecondaryInvariants(R);
> S;
[
1,
x1*x4 + x2*x5 + x3*x6,
x1^2*x4 + x2^2*x5 + x3^2*x6,
x1*x4^2 + x2*x5^2 + x3*x6^2,
x1^2*x4^2 + 2*x1*x2*x4*x5 + 2*x1*x3*x4*x6 + x2^2*x5^2 + 2*x2*x3*x5*x6 +
x3^2*x6^2,
x1^3*x4^3 + x1^2*x2*x4*x5^2 + x1^2*x3*x4*x6^2 + x1*x2^2*x4^2*x5 +
x1*x3^2*x4^2*x6 + x2^3*x5^3 + x2^2*x3*x5*x6^2 + x2*x3^2*x5^2*x6 +
x3^3*x6^3
]
> MinimalAlgebraGenerators(P cat S);
[
1,
x1 + x2 + x3,
x4 + x5 + x6,
x1^2 + x2^2 + x3^2,
x1*x4 + x2*x5 + x3*x6,
x4^2 + x5^2 + x6^2,
x1^3 + x2^3 + x3^3 + x4*x5*x6,
x1^2*x4 + x2^2*x5 + x3^2*x6,
x1*x4^2 + x2*x5^2 + x3*x6^2,
x4^3 + x5^3 + x6^3
]
> // Create invariant ring R with primaries P, secondaries S
> R := InvariantRing(CyclicGroup(4), GF(2));
> P := PrimaryInvariants(R);
> S := SecondaryInvariants(R);
> #S;
5
> S[5];
x1^3*x3^2 + x1^2*x2^2*x3 + x1^2*x2*x3^2 + x1^2*x2*x4^2 +
x1^2*x3^3 + x1^2*x3^2*x4 + x1*x2^2*x4^2 + x1*x3^2*x4^2 +
x2^3*x4^2 + x2^2*x3^2*x4 + x2^2*x3*x4^2 + x2^2*x4^3
> // Write S[2] in terms of P and S
> HomogeneousModuleTest(P, S, S[2]^2);
true [
t1^2*t3^2 + t2^3,
t1*t2,
t1^3,
0,
0
]
> // Find all invariants I5 of degree 5
> I5 := InvariantsOfDegree(R, 5);
> I5;
[
x1^5 + x2^5 + x3^5 + x4^5,
x1^4*x2 + x1*x4^4 + x2^4*x3 + x3^4*x4,
x1^4*x3 + x1*x3^4 + x2^4*x4 + x2*x4^4,
x1^4*x4 + x1*x2^4 + x2*x3^4 + x3*x4^4,
x1^3*x2^2 + x1^2*x4^3 + x2^3*x3^2 + x3^3*x4^2,
x1^3*x2*x3 + x1*x2*x4^3 + x1*x3^3*x4 + x2^3*x3*x4,
x1^3*x2*x4 + x1*x2^3*x3 + x1*x3*x4^3 + x2*x3^3*x4,
x1^3*x3^2 + x1^2*x3^3 + x2^3*x4^2 + x2^2*x4^3,
x1^3*x3*x4 + x1*x2^3*x4 + x1*x2*x3^3 + x2*x3*x4^3,
x1^3*x4^2 + x1^2*x2^3 + x2^2*x3^3 + x3^2*x4^3,
x1^2*x2^2*x3 + x1^2*x2*x4^2 + x1*x3^2*x4^2 + x2^2*x3^2*x4,
x1^2*x2^2*x4 + x1^2*x3*x4^2 + x1*x2^2*x3^2 + x2*x3^2*x4^2,
x1^2*x2*x3^2 + x1^2*x3^2*x4 + x1*x2^2*x4^2 + x2^2*x3*x4^2,
x1^2*x2*x3*x4 + x1*x2^2*x3*x4 + x1*x2*x3^2*x4 + x1*x2*x3*x4^2
]
> // Write all elements of I5 in terms of P and S
> // (the t-variables correspond to elements of P and
> // the "columns" of the inner sequences to elements of S)
> HomogeneousModuleTest(P, S, I5);
[ true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
true, true, true, true ]
[
[ t1^5 + t1^3*t2 + t1^3*t3 + t1*t2^2 + t1*t3^2 + t1*t4,
0, t1^2 + t2 + t3, 0, 0 ],
[ t1^3*t2 + t1^3*t3 + t1*t4, t1^2 + t2, t2 + t3, 0, 0 ],
[ t1^3*t3 + t1*t3^2 + t1*t4, 0, t1^2 + t2 + t3, 0, 0 ],
[ t1^3*t3 + t1*t2^2 + t1*t4, t1^2 + t2, t2 + t3, 0, 0 ],
[ t1*t2^2 + t1*t3^2, t2, t1^2, 0, 1 ],
[ t1*t2*t3, t3, t2 + t3, 0, 1 ],
[ t1*t2*t3 + t1*t4, 0, t1^2 + t2, 0, 0 ],
[ t1*t3^2 + t1*t4, 0, t3, 0, 0 ],
[ 0, t3, t3, 0, 1 ],
[ t1*t3^2, t2, t1^2 + t2, 0, 1 ],
[ t1*t3^2, 0, 0, 0, 1 ],
[ t1*t3^2, 0, t2, 0, 1 ],
[ t1*t4, 0, t3, 0, 0 ],
[ t1*t4, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
]